Knowledge Hub

The Market Code sets the rules for how electricity will be traded, bought, and balanced in South Africa’s new wholesale electricity market. It explains who can take part, how trading works, and how fairness and reliability are maintained. In simple terms, it’s the “rulebook” for the future energy marketplace — helping people understand how power will move from generators to buyers once the market opens.

In the South African procurement process, suppliers register on the Central Supplier Database (CSD) where their compliance details are verified, and government departments issue Requests for Quotation (RFQs) through this system, allowing suppliers to respond electronically; once an award is made, a Purchase Order (PO) is generated as the formal contract document authorizing the supply of goods or services, specifying items, quantities, prices, and delivery terms, and this PO is directly linked to the supplier’s CSD profile to ensure only compliant suppliers are engaged; suppliers must then submit invoices that reference the PO number, since no payment can be processed without it, making the PO the critical bridge between RFQ awards, invoicing, and payment, while the CSD ensures transparency, accountability, and financial control throughout the entire workflow.

This document provides guidelines for wind energy project development, published by the South African Wind Energy Association (SAWEA). It covers the processes, requirements, and best practices for developing wind energy projects in South Africa.

A comprehensive deal book focused on national green hydrogen projects, opportunities, and investments. The South African Green Hydrogen Deal Book showcases the breadth and potential of opportunities emerging across the country. It reflects the innovation, commitment and ambition of both the public and private sectors to position South Africa as a global green hydrogen hub. Importantly, it demonstrates how strategic investment in this sector can support economic diversification, industrial development, export growth and a just energy transition.

Transition minerals are essential inputs into many clean energy technologies and associated infrastructures, like wind turbines, solar panels and electric vehicles. Examples of these minerals include copper, cobalt, lithium and platinum-group metals. Demand is mostly from the Global North, whereas most transition mineral ores are found in the Global South, China and Australia. This discussion paper addresses issues of economic, social and environmental sustainability in the mining and processing of transition minerals. The paper provides an introduction to which African countries are supplying which minerals and the associated economic opportunity. It also looks at the benefits of different land uses and advocates for the implementation of circular economies for transition minerals. Download this concise 14-page paper to stay informed about the six key recommendations and what sustainable growth could look like regarding the mining of transition minerals in Africa.

Procurement Plans for Financial Year 2025-2026 published by the National Transmission Company South Africa (NTCSA).

The South African Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPPP) is a competitive tender process designed to facilitate private sector investment into grid-connected renewable energy (RE) generation in South Africa. This comprehensive report serves as a handbook of the REIPPPP's design, implementation and outcomes. Part A reviews the programme's procurement design, requirements, and outcomes across Bid Windows 1 to 4. Part B extracts key lessons learned for other developing countries. Part C provides design proposals for reducing transaction costs for participating bidders. As a result of this programme, South Africa achieved more investment via Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in four years than in the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa over the past two decades. Bid tariffs fell sharply and most recently awarded projects are among the lowest priced grid-connected RE projects in the world. Key topics include: competitive tender process design, procurement model comparison (competitive tender vs REFIT), economic development criteria, bid window outcomes, investment and financing structures, job creation, local content, and transaction cost reduction strategies. Authors: Anton Eberhard and Raine Naude, Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town.

All procurement by Eskom is undertaken in accordance with the principles set out in section 217 of the Constitution namely fairness, equitability, transparency, competitiveness, and cost-efficiency. This webpage is designed to make it easier, fairer and more transparent for all suppliers/potential suppliers to do business with Eskom. It gives suppliers clear guidance on finding tenders, meeting compliance requirements, participating in online auctions and engaging confidently with Eskom. Topics covered include: Tender Process - access Eskom tenders, understand the requirements, and submit bids correctly through both informal and online tendering channels; Procurement Process - outlines how Eskom plans, evaluates and awards contracts from tendering to contract finalisation; Supplier Development, Localisation and Industrialisation - clarifies the socio-economic requirements suppliers must meet (B-BBEE, Local Content, Skills Development, Job Creation and ESD); Vendor Management Process - supplier registration and compliance requirements; eAuction Process - Eskom's online e-auction system for competitive pricing; Formal Complaint Process - enables suppliers to raise procurement-related complaints with the Procurement General Manager.

A user manual for the Eskom eTendering System aimed at external suppliers/tenderers. The system is a web-based platform that replaces the manual or physical submission of tender documents at Eskom tender offices. Suppliers can register, log in using OTP verification, browse published tenders via the Tender Bulletin, upload tender documents (technical, commercial, finance categories), finalize submissions, and manage their accounts. The manual covers: background and system overview, registration steps, OTP verification, navigating the dashboard, selecting tender reference numbers, uploading and finalizing tender document submissions, editing registration details, logging off, and password reset procedures. A CSD number is required for access. Compatible with most web browsers; Microsoft Edge is recommended.

This guidance document issued by the South African Department of Trade and Industry (the dti) provides tenderers with a detailed description of how to calculate local content of products (goods, services and works) by components/material/services, and enables them to keep an updated record for verification requirements as per SATS 1286:2011. The guideline consists of a written guide and three declarations: Declaration C (Local Content Declaration – Summary Schedule), Declaration D (Imported Content Declaration – Supporting Schedule to Annex C), and Declaration E (Local Content Declaration – Supporting Schedule to Annex C). It covers definitions of local and imported content, categories of imported content (directly by tenderer and via third party), exempt imported content, and detailed field-by-field instructions for completing Annexures C, D and E including calculation of tender prices, landed costs, exchange rates, local content percentages, manpower costs, factory overheads, and administration overheads.

This market intelligence report (MIR) provides potential investors with a strategic overview of South Africa's renewable energy opportunities, focusing on utility-scale projects and behind-the-meter (BTM) solutions. South Africa's RE market presents an investable opportunity from 2026 to 2030 of R161.2 billion across 12.9 GW of RE generation capacity. Two key investment areas are identified: 1) large-scale solar PV and wind projects with associated battery energy storage systems (BESS); and 2) behind-the-meter solar PV with BESS for commercial and industrial users. The report covers investment opportunities, market drivers (electricity price stability, decarbonisation pressure, energy security), barriers and mitigations (grid connection constraints, wheeling readiness, policy and regulatory misalignment), and emerging opportunities including independent transmission buildout, battery arbitrage, the South African Wholesale Electricity Market (SAWEM), Renewable Energy Certificates, and green hydrogen developments. Published by GreenCape with financial support from UK PACT.

Documentation relating to supplier development, localisation and industrialisation requirements for NTCSA procurement.

SSEG registration is the process where households or businesses formally record their rooftop solar or other small renewable‑energy systems with their local municipality. It ensures that installations meet safety and technical standards under NRS 097‑2‑3, allowing them to connect safely to the grid. Registration matters because it’s the official gateway to compliance, grid protection, and access to municipal incentives — helping citizens participate responsibly in South Africa’s energy transition.

A comprehensive guide to the e-Tender Publication Portal, a centralised platform initiated by the Office of the Chief Procurement Officer (OCPO) and launched on 1 April 2015 to simplify and streamline procurement processes. The guide covers how the portal works, its key features (advertised tenders, awarded tenders, procurement plans, procurement data), the relationship with the Central Supplier Database (CSD), how to register on the CSD, how to use the portal to search for and submit tender opportunities, the legal and regulatory framework (PFMA, MFMA, Treasury Regulations), and the advantages and disadvantages of the portal for SMEs and suppliers.

This is the final forensic investigation report commissioned by the National Treasury (Tender NT 022-2016 RFQ 026-2017) and conducted by Fundudzi Forensic Services. The report investigates allegations of irregularities in the procurement of locomotives at Transnet, focusing on the acquisition of 95, 100, and 1064 locomotives for Transnet Freight Rail's General Freight Business. Key findings include: irregular appointment of China South Rail (CSR) across all three locomotive tenders; procurement process manipulation including amendment of bid conditions after closing, communication between CSR and Transnet's GCE Brian Molefe during the bidding process, and emailing of tender documents to CSR before payment was confirmed; misrepresentation by Molefe and Singh to the Transnet Board regarding the ETC of R38.6 billion for the 1064 locomotives (which already included forex, escalation and contingency costs, contrary to what was represented); increase in ETC from R38.6 billion to R54.5 billion with at least R6.7 billion attributed to misrepresentation; evaluation scores amended in favour of CSR; inconsistent application of Best and Final Offer process; Minister Gigaba compromising the procurement process by signing the LSA as witness and advising Transnet to procure as if PPPFA exemption was in place; Transnet Board failing to notify the Shareholder before concluding contracts; late delivery of locomotives by CSR, Bombardier, CNR and GE with penalties either not levied or not collected; and the irregular appointment of Transnet security personnel to protect Minister Gigaba at Transnet's expense. The report covers the legislative framework (PFMA, Companies Act, PPPFA, PRECCA, Constitution) and includes detailed findings, conclusions and recommendations including referral to DPCI for criminal investigations.

Vendor Master Data Management administers supplier data following the conclusion of a commercial process led by Procurement and maintains supplier information that is in line with the CARAT principles and standards. This process outlines the mandatory documentation requirements and ongoing compliance obligations for suppliers registering and doing business with Eskom, with clear distinctions between local companies, foreign companies with a South African footprint, and foreign companies without a local footprint. Maintenance of a compliant supplier profile is prudent when doing business as a registered supplier with Eskom. 1. Maintaining a valid and compliant supplier profile whilst doing business with Eskom: All existing suppliers are required to ensure that their annual returnable documentation is kept up to date, including any changes made after initial registration are formally communicated. Suppliers must keep profiles up to date, renew compliance documents when they expire, proactively notify Eskom of any company changes, immediately communicate any non-compliance with Tax, VAT, B-BBEE, or COID LOGS, and respond promptly to Eskom communications. 2. Guide on Bank changes for existing suppliers: Requirements include a Bank Confirmation Letter with bank stamp not older than 3 months, a company letter on official letterhead requesting changes including vendor number, old and new account numbers, signed by directors, and new bank details verified on the CSD report. 3. Guide on B-BBEE affidavits: Suppliers must use the correct template from the B-BBEE commissioner website, completing all required fields including designation, enterprise name, trading name, company registration number, physical address, entity type, financial information basis, financial year end, level, deponent signature and commissioner of oaths stamp and signature.

This Practice Guide issued by the B-BBEE Commission provides a non-binding guide to assist stakeholders in determining the validity of B-BBEE verification certificates, B-BBEE sworn affidavits, and certificates issued by the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (CIPC). It covers: the purpose and legal framework under the B-BBEE Act 53 of 2003 (as amended by Act 46 of 2013); criteria for determining the validity of sworn affidavits including required fields, commissioner of oaths requirements, and 12-month validity period; conditions and required information for CIPC-issued B-BBEE certificates for EMEs and start-ups; detailed requirements for B-BBEE verification certificates including all mandatory fields and SANAS accreditation requirements; sector-specific provisions for Transport, Construction, and Financial Services sectors; and penalties for trading with invalid or fraudulent B-BBEE documentation including fines of up to 10% of annual turnover and imprisonment of up to 10 years. This guide replaces Practice Guide 01 of 2018 effective 01 November 2022.

The Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) 2025 is South Africa's comprehensive forward-looking electricity generation capacity expansion plan published by the Department of Electricity and Energy on 28 October 2025. It outlines the allocation of South Africa's primary energy resources to ensure electricity demand is met cost-efficiently and sustainably through to 2050. The plan covers power system energy planning, grid planning, and operations planning, analysing multiple scenarios including a Reference Case, Gas at Risk Case, Nuclear Case, Aggressive Battery Learning, and Delayed Shutdown. Key outcomes include: renewable energy capacity increasing from ~17 GW to over 45 GW by 2030; commissioning 6 GW of Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) capacity by 2030; phased shutdown of coal-fired stations; and a proposed R2.23-trillion investment plan. The IRP 2025 proposes CO2 emissions of 168 Mt for the electricity sector in 2030, reducing to 142 Mt by 2035 (a 22% reduction), aligning with South Africa's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). It is published in terms of the Electricity Regulation Act, 2006 (Act No. 4 of 2006).

This report examines South Africa's Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Program (REIPPPP), which successfully channeled substantial private sector expertise and investment into grid-connected renewable energy at competitive prices. The report covers the transition from feed-in tariffs (REFITs) to competitive tenders, the government's design and management of the tender process, tender outcomes across three bidding rounds, key private sector actors (sponsors, financiers, EPC contractors), trade-offs between prices and economic development outcomes, and key success factors, shortcomings and risks. To date, 64 projects have been awarded, with US$14 billion in private sector investment committed for 3,922 MW of renewable power. Solar PV tariffs decreased by 68% and wind by 42% across three bidding rounds. The report also draws global lessons for other developing countries seeking to implement renewable energy programs.

Global markets for vehicles are rapidly moving towards EVs, with some banning future sales of internal combustion vehicles. In response, South Africa is developing local EV manufacturing capacity, primarily focused on private vehicles. This publication draws on a 2023 study to profile the emerging market for electric buses in South Africa, highlighting policy enablers, investment opportunities, local manufacturing potential, and climate and socio-economic benefits. The study was validated through a workshop with city representatives, industry bodies, businesses, development finance institutions, and government departments, hosted by the Alliance for Climate Action South Africa – which is convened by C40 Cities, NBI and WWF South Africa.

This reflection paper explores the complex relationship between renewable energy (RE) development and a just energy transition (JET) in South Africa. Based on a 2017 roundtable discussion with various stakeholders, the guide examines the necessity of moving toward a sustainable, low-carbon energy system while ensuring that the shift is fair for workers currently reliant on legacy fossil fuel industries. The resource highlights that a successful transition requires more than just job creation in the RE sector; it demands holistic, long-term government planning, addressed systemic economic issues, and a clear strategy for re-skilling and supporting affected workers.

South Africa, like many developing nations, must ensure that our energy choices deliver real societal benefits. While often framed as conflicting with environmental goals, a rapid low-carbon transition can drive growth, reduce inequality, and help us avoid long-term risks.

South Africa’s green transition will have major implications for its workforce. The World Bank recently published several complementary reports that more elaborately describe existing knowledge about the current and future demand for skills for the green transition; the ability of the PSET system to respond to these skill needs; and recommendations to improve workforce preparedness for the green transition. This note synthesizes these findings. The focus of this note is on skill needs for the just energy transition (JET) and on post-school education and training (PSET), especially Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and university education.

South Africa’s green transition will have major implications for its workforce. This note presents five strategies to prepare the workforce for the green transition. The note explores the implications of the green transition on labor and skills needs in South Africa, and assesses the readiness of the current skills development system to respond to these changes. It then presents strategies to improve the ability of the skills development system to ensure that workforce skills become a catalyst, rather than a bottleneck, of the green transition, and to support workers who risk losing employability due to the green transition. The note concludes by highlighting how the World Bank contributes to building skills for the green transition. The focus of this note is on skill needs for the just energy transition (JET) and on post-school education and training (PSET), especially Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and university education.

This guide outlines the South African government’s comprehensive action plan to address the country's energy crisis and end the cycle of load shedding. Recognizing that energy instability is a critical constraint on economic growth, the government has established the National Energy Crisis Committee (NECOM) to implement high-impact interventions. The strategy focuses on both immediate stabilisation of the grid and long-term energy security through structural reform.

Retirement and repurposing of coal-fired power plants are a critical part of the energy transition. This is the core part of programs like Accelerating Coal Transition (ACT) that is being implemented in several countries around the world. While there are established planning models that comprehensively capture both capacity entry and exit decisions at the system level (i.e., across all generation types to meet systemwide demand), there are nuances when it comes to coal retirement. Sites of incumbent coal plants can be repurposed to switch to a different fuel (e.g., biomass), or to install renewable and energy storage facilities, depending on the available land and system needs. There are social dimensions including keeping part of the workforce in such repurposed plants. There are other issues around stranded asset value of coal plants that still have productive life left, availability of financing and allocation of concessional finance for retirement and repurposing activities. There is currently no model/tool that can capture these issues to make balanced decisions on retirement and repurposing of coal generating units. The retirement and repurposing decisions are typically being made based on technical criteria such as age and efficiency at a project level. The proposed modeling framework is developed to address coal (or any fossil fuel) fleetwide retirement and repurposing decisions cast as a multi-year mixed integer linear programming model taking into consideration technical, economic and policy considerations. It makes retirement and repurposing decisions at a generating unit level to maximize the net revenue for the entire fleet given a target generation level and/or CO2 emissions cap. The latter target(s) could be derived from an upstream systemwide planning model making it an important linkage with the plan, or could be a policy/program target as is often the case for CO2 targets under ACT. Decision variables in the model include retirement decisions, repurposing options that maximize value of the site, employment, finance structure and dispatch of coal units. The model formulation including the source code (written in General Algebraic Modeling System) is presented in this paper. The working of a prototype model has been illustrated using a set of simple examples and also a case study for the ESKOM (South Africa) coal fleet.

This study investigates the factors responsible for the poor performance of 67 electric utilities in 47 countries, using descriptive data from the World Bank, the International Energy Agency, the U.S. Energy Information Administration, and national sources. The findings show that both cost-side and revenue-side factors are responsible for the poor financial performance of electric utilities. More than two-thirds of vertically integrated utilities and electricity distribution utilities are unable to cover their operational and debt service costs by their revenues. The main causes of the poor financial performance are high fuel costs (particularly oil), low capacity factors, low capital and labor productivity, high transmission and distribution losses, and leakage in electricity bill collections. The study finds that in these countries, despite their much lower per capita income, consumers face relatively higher electricity tariffs than in many countries around the world. The study also finds that if the transmission and distribution losses were reduced to the current level of South Africa (11 percent) and the leakages in bill collection were eliminated, several electric utilities that are currently operating at a loss would have higher revenue than their operational cost. The findings indicate that policy makers in the region should focus on a portfolio of policies, including switching from expensive generation to emerging cheaper options, improving factor productivities, having efficient institutions and governance, reducing transmission and distribution losses, improving bill collection, and reforming tariffs. The policy priorities could vary across countries, depending on the roles of various factors contributing to poor financial performance.

Clean hydrogen is emerging as a key component of the global transition to clean energy, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. It can help boost energy security, improve air quality, and support decarbonization, particularly in industries where emissions are hard to abate, such as steel, cement, and chemicals. Clean hydrogen is produced via renewable-energy-based electrolysis (green hydrogen) or natural gas reforming with carbon capture (blue hydrogen), which significantly reduces carbon emissions. For developing countries with abundant renewable resources, green hydrogen presents an opportunity for economic growth, job creation, and energy security by reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels. Similarly, countries with natural gas reserves can benefit from blue hydrogen. However, scaling up the clean hydrogen economy requires stable demand and significant investment to reduce production and distribution costs. Global hydrogen demand, which reached 97 million tonnes (Mt) in 2023, is concentrated in the refining and chemical sectors. Clean hydrogen played only a marginal role, with less than 1 Mt production in 2023, although production is projected to grow strongly, reaching 49 Mt a year by 2030. This growth in demand can lead to potential cost reductions, which can have a spillover effect and help to simulate demand for hydrogen in the transport sector. This report assesses the economic viability of FCEVs in five selected countries (Brazil, Chile, India, South Africa, and the Republic of Korea) through comprehensive modeling exercises. It provides a comparative analysis of BEVs, FCEVs, and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) across four key vehicle segments: passenger cars, light commercial vehicles (LCVs), buses, and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs).

Raising revenue right is a defining challenge for emerging market and developing economies. Tax systems must do three things well: mobilize sufficient revenue to finance public goods and social protection, limit efficiency distortions, and ensure that the tax-and-transfer system is fair. This report presents an integrated framework to help policy makers identify the best balance between efficiency and fairness for raising a given amount of revenue—referred to in this book as the fiscal frontier—and the paths countries can take to reach it. The analysis draws on a growing body of public finance research and country case studies, many supported by the World Bank and grounded in administrative data. To help countries apply this framework, Raising Revenue Right: A Roadmap for Domestic Resource Mobilization first assesses the state of revenue mobilization today. It then examines how countries can harness the 3Ts—technology, transparency, and trust—which can help move countries toward the fiscal frontier and, in some cases, push the frontier outward. Digital tools, better use of data, cross-border information sharing, and stronger trust between citizens and the state can improve tax administration and compliance, opening new possibilities for raising revenue. Next, it provides a toolkit covering three areas: using taxes as instruments of environmental and industrial policy; applying the Marginal Value of Public Funds framework to assess whether and how to raise additional revenue; and using administrative tax data to generate policy insights. The final chapter provides policy makers with practical guidance on implementing the report’s key lessons.

Some people believe that “clean coal” technologies and related processes will allow the continued provision of coal-generated electricity, while adequately addressing its Earth-warming emissions impact. But it is a myth that the burning of carbon-emitting fossil fuels, such as coal, can ever be “clean”. This factsheet outlines the three “clean” technologies and addresses the “clean coal” myths for each, as well as counterbalancing the myths with clear facts and the main reasons why they will never be climate-friendly solutions. In addition, all the proposed technologies are prohibitively expensive. But mostly, they will not help South Africa, or the world, in achieving net-zero and climate-resilient economies. There is one possible technology solution – carbon dioxide removal – that has potential, albeit also an expensive solution. It is also unlikely to make a difference, given the short time by which we need to achieve net zero. This brief factsheet will arm you with the argument to know that coal is coal and the only way to reduce emissions is to drastically reduce our reliance on coal-fired power!

This resource, provides a comprehensive collection of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations, 2014, and related legislative notices governing environmental authorisation processes in South Africa. It serves as a centralised reference for the procedures, requirements, and compliance standards necessary for undertaking activities subject to an environmental impact assessment under the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA). The document details the regulatory framework as it has been amended over time and incorporates specific withdrawal notices, such as the 2022 withdrawal of the amendment to Regulation 39(2).

The City of Cape Town’s 2050 Energy Strategy charts a long-term path to transition from a centralised, fossil-fuel-based system to a decentralised, reliable, and carbon-neutral energy future. Driven by the urgent need to end load-shedding and foster economic growth, the strategy outlines a three-phased approach to transform the municipal electricity utility into a future-fit business that empowers residents and businesses to participate actively in a changing energy landscape. This guide focuses on the City's three core commitments and two supporting enablers: * Harness New Energy Supply: Procuring and diversifying energy sources, including independent power production and small-scale embedded generation, to add up to one gigawatt of power to the grid. * Alleviate Energy Poverty: Ensuring indigent and informal settlement households have access to safe, affordable, and sustainable energy services through targeted subsidies and electrification. * Optimise Energy Use: Improving energy efficiency in municipal and private buildings, enhancing demand response programs, and supporting the transition to electric vehicles. * Operate a Future-Fit Utility Business: Restructuring the electricity utility to enhance financial sustainability and modernise infrastructure, ensuring reliable service as the energy market evolves. * Action by Residents, Businesses, and Partners: Empowering stakeholders with transparent data and engagement initiatives to facilitate collaborative action toward energy security. By aligning these actions with a 2050 vision, the City of Cape Town aims to build a resilient, prosperous, and inclusive "City of Hope" where energy security supports the well-being of every resident.

The 2025 Renewable Energy Market Intelligence Report (MIR) provides a comprehensive guide for local and foreign investors seeking opportunities within the Western Cape’s evolving energy sector. Despite challenges such as grid constraints and a transitioning policy landscape, the province remains a prime destination for renewable energy investment, supported by significant solar resources and a growing commitment to green economic growth.

The Renewable Energy Market Intelligence Report 2026 highlights the Western Cape as a strategically positioned investment destination, despite ongoing grid constraints. Supported by 2025 regulatory reforms and confirmed transmission build-out timelines, the province offers a total investable opportunity of R37.4 billion across approximately 2.35 Gigawatts (GW) of new capacity through 2030. This guide provides a detailed overview of the regional electricity landscape, investment drivers, and risk-mitigation strategies for local and foreign investors.

The Energy Services 2025* Market Intelligence Report (MIR) provides a strategic analysis of the evolving South African energy landscape, specifically focusing on investment opportunities, drivers, and barriers within the commercial, industrial, and agricultural (CI&A) sectors. This resource is designed to support local and foreign investors, project developers, and stakeholders in navigating the shift toward a more diverse and resilient energy market.

This statistical overview, published by the IDC’s Department of Research and Information in January 2024, provides a performance snapshot of South Africa’s agriculture, mining, manufacturing, electricity, and construction sectors. Focusing on the first three quarters of 2023, the resource analyzes key economic metrics to highlight sector-specific trends, trade performance, and shifts in profitability and employment.

The Eskom Sustainability Report 2025 provides a comprehensive summary of the utility’s environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance for the financial year ending 31 March 2025. This resource outlines Eskom’s commitment to ethical leadership, sustainable operations, and transparency while navigating the challenges of a transforming energy landscape, including the ongoing unbundling process and the Just Energy Transition (JET).

In an era defined by rapid change, radical transparency, and profound shifts in the corporate landscape—often termed the "Fourth Industrial Revolution"—organisations face increasing pressure to create value sustainably. The *King IV Report on Corporate Governance for South Africa 2016* is designed to guide governing bodies through this complex environment, providing a benchmark that reinforces corporate governance as a holistic, integrated set of arrangements. It encourages a shift from short-term toward long-term, sustainable capital markets and from siloed reporting toward integrated, transparent communication

The South African Green Finance Taxonomy (GFT) – 1st Edition is a comprehensive classification system developed to help the financial sector identify and invest in environmentally sustainable economic activities. By providing a common language and agreed-upon methodologies, the GFT enables investors, issuers, and financial participants to track and demonstrate the green credentials of their assets, projects, and activities in line with both national priorities and international best practices.

Between March and April 2022, the Presidential Climate Commission (PCC) conducted a series of community and stakeholder engagements across eight South African locations significantly impacted by the shift away from fossil fuels. This resource summarises the insights gathered from these consultations, which were designed to consolidate community views on a "just transition," build trust, and establish a consensus to inform the national Just Transition Framework. The consultations reveal a complex landscape where communities understand the environmental imperatives of climate change but are deeply concerned about the economic and social consequences of the transition. Key takeaways include: *Urgent Economic & Social Concerns: Participants expressed significant anxiety regarding job losses, the need for meaningful skill development, and the importance of addressing systemic issues like poor service delivery, water contamination, and lack of healthcare access. *The "Nothing for us, without us" Mandate: There is a strong desire for communities to be integral to the decision-making process. Participants voiced frustration with perceived government unresponsiveness, corruption, and a lack of tangible, long-term benefits from industrial developments. *Need for Context-Specific Approaches: The report highlights that a one-size-fits-all approach is insufficient. Communities have their own ideas and localized solutions—such as small-scale business support, land revitalisation, and decentralized renewable energy—that must be considered. *The Critical Role of Governance: The success of the just transition is tied to fixing governance gaps. Without integrated planning, accountability, and the effective enforcement of regulations, communities remain skeptical of government commitments and the ability of the state to manage the transition fairly. This guide is essential for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to understand the on-the-ground reality of South Africa's transition and the necessary steps to ensure it is both inclusive and just.

SAKHISISWE (Building the Nation) is a resource documenting the socio-economic impact of South Africa’s Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP). Since its inception in 2011, the REIPPPP has been instrumental in driving renewable energy generation while fostering meaningful development within local communities. This guide highlights how independent power producers (IPPs) have moved beyond contractual obligations to establish personal relationships with the areas in which they operate, creating a cycle of growth and opportunity.

The merSETA Sector Skills Plan 2023/24 provides a strategic overview of the Manufacturing, Engineering, and Related Services sector in South Africa. Developed during a period of global economic volatility and local challenges—including the energy crisis, civil unrest, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic—the guide outlines the sector’s commitment to closing the skills gap by aligning development initiatives with national economic strategies, such as the Economic Reconstruction and Recovery Plan (ERRP). The plan emphasises the importance of agility, the adoption of new technologies as the industry transitions toward the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR), and the necessity of promoting a green and circular economy. Key aspects of the guide include: *Economic & Labour Market Context: An analysis of the sector’s contribution to GDP and employment, highlighting the resilience of manufacturing despite significant economic headwinds and structural challenges. * Skills Priorities: Identification of critical skills needed to support economic development, with a strong focus on re-skilling and upskilling workers—particularly those in elementary and operator roles—to mitigate the risks of displacement due to automation. *Strategic Partnerships: A comprehensive look at the role of partnerships with TVET colleges, higher education institutions, government departments, and industry bodies as the primary vehicle for mobilising resources and extending the reach of occupationally directed training. *Data-Driven Planning: The integration of robust internal systems, including Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) and Knowledge Management, to ensure that interventions are responsive, evidence-based, and aligned with national development goals. *Inclusive Growth:A focus on supporting the social economy, including cooperatives and SMMEs, while prioritising access to learning for marginalised groups, specifically women, the youth, and the poor.

The National Skills Development Plan (NSDP) 2030, promulgated by the Department of Higher Education and Training, serves as the strategic framework for fostering an "educated, skilled and capable workforce" in South Africa. Aligned with the broader National Development Plan (NDP) and the White Paper on Post-School Education and Training, this guide outlines the government's approach to addressing systemic skills shortages, unemployment, and inequality. The NSDP emphasises the importance of a cooperative paradigm—"Our Future – Make It Work"—calling upon government and social partners to work together to bridge the gap between education and the labour market.

This technical research report provides a comprehensive analysis of the skills landscape in South Africa, examining the disparities between the skills possessed by the workforce and those demanded by employers. In an environment characterised by sluggish economic growth, high unemployment, and rapid technological change, this guide highlights the critical need for a coordinated effort between policymakers, educational institutions, and the private sector to bridge existing skills gaps. By reviewing international best practices and analysing local sector-specific data, the report offers a structured approach to understanding and addressing these challenges to foster economic growth and individual career advancement.

The Energy Action Plan (EAP) is South Africa's strategic roadmap, launched in July 2022, to resolve the electricity supply crisis, end load shedding, and secure long-term energy stability. Managed by the National Energy Crisis Committee (NECOM), the plan focuses on optimising existing infrastructure while aggressively expanding new generation capacity through a diverse mix of energy sources. As of March 2024, the EAP has demonstrated significant momentum, with key interventions successfully improving generation performance and fostering a more competitive electricity sector.

The National Energy Act 34 of 2008 provides a comprehensive framework for the management and development of South Africa’s energy sector. Its primary purpose is to ensure that diverse energy resources are available in sustainable quantities at affordable prices to support economic growth and poverty alleviation. By emphasising integrated energy planning, the Act seeks to balance security of supply, economic interests, consumer protection, and sustainable development.

The Electricity Regulation Act 4 of 2006, as amended by the Electricity Regulation Amendment Act 28 of 2007, establishes the national regulatory framework for the South African electricity supply industry. Its primary purpose is to create a structured and sustainable environment for the generation, transmission, distribution, reticulation, trading, and import/export of electricity. The National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) serves as the custodian and enforcer of this framework, ensuring that the industry operates efficiently while balancing the interests of customers, licensees, and investors.

This guide offers a practical, non-binding framework for governments and social partners to manage the transition to environmental sustainability. Recognising that tackling environmental and employment challenges simultaneously is a necessity, the document emphasises that sustainable development must place decent work, social inclusion, and poverty eradication at its centre. It provides guidance on how to formulate and implement policies that foster social consensus, respect rights at work, and promote gender-equitable outcomes, ensuring that the shift toward greener economies drives innovation and job creation.

South Africa’s Low-Emission Development Strategy (SA-LEDS) 2050 serves as a vital "living document" that outlines the nation's path toward a low-carbon economy. By committing to the goals of the Paris Agreement, this strategy provides a framework for South Africa to transition away from its historic reliance on fossil fuels, aiming for a net-zero carbon economy by 2050. The strategy emphasises a "just transition" that manages economic and social impacts while prioritising resilience to climate change.

Stakeholder perspectives on engaging with South Africa’s Just Transition Achieving a just transition in South Africa requires a people-centred approach that moves beyond technology to address broader issues of justice, poverty, and unemployment. This guide, based on research by ICLEI Africa for the Presidential Climate Commission (PCC), examines how social partners perceive the transition and identifies pathways to strengthen stakeholder engagement. The findings highlight that while there is broad support for the transition, there is a clear need for more inclusive, transparent, and collaborative processes to build the necessary trust and social consensus. Key insights from the research include: * Diverse Interpretations: There is no single "just transition." Stakeholders—ranging from civil society and academia to the private sector—hold varied views, emphasising the need to move beyond a narrow focus on electricity to include sectors like skills development, agriculture, and tourism. * Challenges in Engagement: Current engagement efforts are often perceived as top-down or "tick-the-box" exercises. Stakeholders and communities demand more regular, two-way dialogue, greater accessibility, and transparent feedback on how their input influences decisions. * Building Trust and Addressing Mistrust: A significant barrier to the transition is the trust deficit rooted in knowledge gaps and poor communication. Effectively addressing these requires translating complex technical research into relevant information and utilising local "knowledge brokers" to bridge the gap between national policy and community realities. * Consensus vs. Contestation: Rather than trying to avoid conflict, the process should embrace and manage contestation. Shifting consensus toward greater ambition requires moving beyond the "lowest common denominator" by valuing diverse knowledge systems and aligning short-term, concrete trade-offs with long-term, abstract gains.

South African Climate Finance Landscape 2025" is a technical guide providing empirical evidence on climate finance investment flows directed toward low-carbon and climate-resilient interventions in South Africa for the calendar years 2022 and 2023. Prepared for the Presidential Climate Commission, this report serves as a vital resource for policymakers, regulators, and financial institutions by mapping project-level investments, identifying financial sources and instruments, and highlighting sectoral gaps. By tracking these flows, the guide aims to inform evidence-based decision-making to facilitate the scaling up of climate finance and support a just and equitable transition toward a low-emissions, climate-resilient economy. Key insights and highlights from the report include: * Investment Scale: The report tracked an annual average of ZAR 188.3 billion in climate finance for 2022–2023. However, achieving national net-zero targets requires a two- to threefold increase in annual investment, with potential needs reaching up to ZAR 499 billion. * Sectoral Dominance: Energy remains the primary focus of climate investment, capturing approximately 74.1% (ZAR 139.5 billion) of all tracked flows, largely driven by the urgent need for renewable electricity generation. * Lagging Adaptation: Adaptation finance remains modest, representing only 11.3% of total tracked investment. This creates a critical funding gap given the country’s vulnerability to climate risks and the often-fragmented nature of adaptation projects. * Source of Funds: Nearly 60% of tracked climate finance originated from domestic sources, underscoring the strength and participation of South Africa’s local financial sector, while international finance was primarily led by public actors. * Methodological Advances: This 2025 edition introduces important improvements, including closer alignment with the South African Green Finance Taxonomy, greater data granularity, and a pilot methodology for tracking just transition–aligned investments.

The Just Energy Transition (JET) Implementation Plan 2023–2027 serves as a strategic roadmap designed to translate South Africa's decarbonisation commitments into actionable, tangible progress. By balancing climate goals with the socio-economic realities of poverty, unemployment, and inequality, the plan outlines a pragmatic path toward a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy. It emphasises a collaborative "co-creation" model that aligns government, business, labour, and civil society to drive effective, transparent, and equitable energy transition initiatives. Key features and priorities of the resource include: * Six Strategic Portfolios: The plan is organised around six core areas requiring JET financing and implementation support: **Electricity, Mpumalanga Just Transition, New Energy Vehicles (NEVs), Green Hydrogen (GH2), Skills, and Municipalities. (Three additional portfolios—South African Renewable Energy Masterplan, Energy Efficiency, and Road-to-Rail—are flagged for 2024). * Key Enablers: Success is underpinned by a robust governance architecture—including the Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) and the JET Project Management Unit (PMU)—alongside a "Theory of Change" framework, a transparent Projects’ Register, and a dedicated Funding Platform to match grant resources with priority projects. * Addressing Challenges: The resource provides detailed insights into navigating significant obstacles, such as fiscal constraints, the electricity supply crisis, and the need for private sector investment. It specifically explores off-balance sheet financing solutions to unlock critical infrastructure development. * Monitoring and Accountability: A structured Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL) system is central to the plan, ensuring that performance is measured against clearly defined impacts, outcomes, and risk management frameworks throughout the five-year implementation period.

South Africa’s Just Energy Transition Investment Plan (JET IP) provides a comprehensive five-year framework designed to catalyse the country’s shift toward a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy. Launched to operationalise the historic Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) forged at COP26, the plan outlines the necessary investments to achieve the ambitious emission reduction targets set out in South Africa’s 2021 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). By prioritising a "just" transition, the plan emphasises the need to protect vulnerable workers, communities, and livelihoods affected by the move away from a fossil fuel-dependent economy, while simultaneously driving industrial development, economic diversification, and innovation. Key highlights of the resource include: * Priority Investment Sectors: The plan focuses on three core pillars: - Electricity: Managing the decommissioning of aging coal plants, expanding renewable energy generation, and strengthening transmission and distribution infrastructure. - New Energy Vehicles (NEVs): Supporting the transition of the automotive value chain, supply chain localisation, and the deployment of electric transport. - Green Hydrogen (GH2): Incubating local ecosystems to position South Africa as a world-leading exporter of green hydrogen. * Cross-Cutting Priorities: Recognising that successful implementation requires foundational support, the plan addresses critical needs in national skills development—including a "Future of Work" platform—and capacity building for municipalities to navigate the energy transition. * Strategic Financing: The JET IP targets an estimated financing need of ZAR 1.48 trillion (US$ 98.7 billion). It provides a framework for leveraging the initial US$ 8.5 billion pledged by the International Partners Group (IPG) to crowd in further public and private investment. * Implementation Governance: The plan is built on robust governance arrangements, including ministerial oversight and a dedicated Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning Framework to ensure transparency, accountability, and the protection of vulnerable groups.

The Framework for a Just Transition (Revised) serves as a vital strategic guide for South Africa’s shift toward a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy. Produced by the Presidential Climate Commission (PCC), this framework provides the necessary coordination and coherence for just transition planning across the country. It establishes a shared vision, guiding principles, and clear policy arrangements to ensure that the move to a greener economy improves the livelihoods of all South Africans—particularly the poor, women, youth, and those in vulnerable sectors—while mitigating transition-related risks. Key highlights of the resource include: *Core Principles: The framework is underpinned by three essential concepts: *distributive justice* (ensuring fair allocation of risks and opportunities), *restorative justice* (addressing historical damages and inequities), and *procedural justice* (empowering workers and communities to define their own futures). *Sectoral Focus: It offers an analysis of high-risk value chains, including coal, the automotive industry, agriculture, and tourism, outlining potential impacts and opportunities for economic diversification and job creation through the green economy. *Policy Recommendations: The guide identifies critical policy areas, such as human resource development and skills training, industrial innovation, and social protection measures, to support those affected by sectoral shifts. *Governance and Finance: It outlines roles for national and sub-national government and identifies strategies for mobilising the significant financial capital needed to transform energy systems and build long-term economic resilience. Designed for all social partners across the country, this document functions as a foundational organising frame. By putting people at the centre of the climate response, it aims to replace uncoordinated efforts with a unified national approach to achieving a just and equitable future.

A practical toolkit and presentation on effective data visualization and communication. It aims to assist statisticians in presenting complex data sets in intuitive and visually accessible formats for diverse stakeholders.

The Africa Energy Outlook 2022 is a new special report from the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook series. It explores pathways for Africa’s energy system to evolve toward achieving all African development goals, including universal access to modern and affordable energy services by 2030 and nationally determined contributions. The report analyses infrastructure expansion needs, investment requirements, financing options and energy policy priorities. It also explores a shifting fuel mix that supports resilient development, opportunities for new exports, and just transition issues – including energy access, affordability and employment.

SOUTH AFRICA RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY SCAN This guide provides a comprehensive overview of South Africa’s renewable energy landscape, analysing the intersection of energy policy, industrial development, and socio-economic imperatives. As the nation undergoes a critical energy transition, this resource examines how policy frameworks address systemic challenges, including the drive for localisation, the provision of decent work, support for small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs), and the pursuit of gender equity. Drawing on an extensive review of legislation, industry data, and stakeholder analysis, this resource highlights the following critical insights: * Policy Context: While South Africa has a comprehensive suite of policies governing the electricity sector, implementation remains challenged by inconsistent industrial strategies and "boom and bust" cycles that hinder long-term manufacturing investment. * Industrial Capabilities: Despite ambitions to leverage renewable energy value chains for local manufacturing and job creation, the sector faces significant constraints, including porous local content requirements and a reliance on imported technologies. * Decent Work and Inclusivity: Current renewable energy deployment frequently relies on temporary, short-term construction jobs, which often fail to meet the principles of decent work or address broader socio-economic disparities. * SMME and Gender Dynamics: Opportunities exist for SMMEs and women in the green economy; however, systemic barriers—such as limited access to finance, technology transfer challenges, and a lack of gender-sensitive policies—persist and require targeted, coherent interventions. * Grid and Infrastructure: The energy transition is deeply intertwined with grid modernisation and the need for significant infrastructure investment to overcome historic supply constraints and loadshedding. This guide serves as a critical resource for understanding how South Africa can move beyond merely shifting its energy mix, aiming instead to foster a just transition that delivers sustainable, inclusive economic growth.

South Africa’s electricity sector is currently undergoing a multi-faceted transformation driven by energy security concerns, rising costs, and the emergence of renewable energy technologies. As these dynamics reshape the electricity value chain, South African municipalities are compelled to redefine their traditional roles and adapt their funding and operating models. This guide reviews potential business models that allow municipalities to seize emerging opportunities while managing financial, regulatory, and socio-political risks.

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### Inclusivity within the green economy: A Resource Guide As the global shift toward a green economy accelerates, ensuring that this transition is inclusive is essential. This resource hub provides a foundational overview of why equity and representation must be at the center of sustainable economic development. By centering inclusivity, we can ensure that the benefits of green innovation are distributed fairly and that the transition creates opportunities for all segments of society. This guide explores the intersection of environmental progress and social equity, offering insights into: * **Bridging the Opportunity Gap:** Strategies for fostering a diverse workforce within emerging green sectors. * **Equitable Resource Distribution:** Understanding how to design green initiatives that do not marginalize vulnerable or underserved communities. * **Inclusive Policy Frameworks:** Identifying the key components of policies that promote both environmental sustainability and social justice. * **Community-Led Solutions:** Highlighting the importance of local perspectives in shaping a truly representative and effective green economy. By integrating these inclusive practices, organizations and policymakers can drive meaningful change that protects the planet while simultaneously empowering people.

Participatory Justice for a Just Transition in South Africa This resource serves as a comprehensive guide dedicated to advancing participatory justice within the context of South Africa’s transition toward a sustainable future. As the nation navigates complex shifts in its energy and economic sectors, ensuring that the voices of affected communities and stakeholders are heard is essential for achieving a transition that is both fair and equitable. This guide provides a structured approach to embedding meaningful participation into policy and implementation frameworks, ensuring that no one is left behind. Key focuses of the resource include: * Principles of Inclusion: Outlining the essential frameworks required to ensure that marginalised and affected groups have a direct role in decision-making processes. * Best Practices for Engagement: Offering actionable strategies for policymakers, civil society, and stakeholders to conduct inclusive, transparent, and accountable consultations. * Advancing Equity: Highlighting how participatory mechanisms can address historical disparities and promote social justice throughout the transition. * Strengthening Accountability: Providing tools to hold institutions responsible for commitments made during the transition process, ensuring that community input effectively shapes outcomes. By integrating these participatory approaches, this guide aims to empower all role-players to collaborate in building a South Africa that is responsive to the needs of its people while meeting the demands of a changing global climate.

The EWSETA Career Guide 2022: Green Careers is a comprehensive resource designed to introduce students and job seekers to the diverse professional opportunities within South Africa’s energy and water sectors. As the country transitions toward a more inclusive green economy, this guide highlights how specialized "green jobs" are essential for environmental sustainability, public health, and fighting climate change.

### National Nuclear Regulator Amendment Bill: Resource Overview The National Nuclear Regulator Amendment Bill, 2023, proposes essential updates to the National Nuclear Regulator Act of 1999 to ensure South Africa’s legislative framework remains aligned with current international regulatory best practices, specifically those established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). By modernizing terminology and expanding the Regulator's scope, the Bill aims to improve oversight, enhance safety and security measures, and ensure efficient administrative governance within the nuclear sector. **Key objectives and proposed changes include:** * **Modernized Definitions:** The Bill replaces outdated concepts such as "nuclear installation" and "action" with updated terms like "nuclear facility" and "activity" to better reflect contemporary nuclear safety standards. * **Expanded Regulatory Scope:** Amendments extend the Regulator’s oversight to include new areas such as site evaluation, manufacturing of component parts, and extended facility shutdowns. * **Enhanced Safety and Security Oversight:** The Bill empowers the Regulator to manage occupational radiation exposure for aircrew on flights below 49,000 feet, provide safety assurance for property released by the National Defence Force, and implement oversight for radiation sources. * **Administrative Efficiency:** The legislation introduces a system of administrative fines for non-compliance as a complement to existing criminal sanctions, and clarifies the processes for board appointments and the delegation of powers. * **Financial Accountability:** The Bill mandates that authorization holders set aside adequate financial resources for the future rehabilitation or decommissioning of nuclear facilities, ensuring that these costs are covered in line with international standards. * **Emergency Preparedness:** The term "emergency planning" is updated to "emergency preparedness and response," strengthening the Regulator’s role in coordinating emergency interventions and ensuring plans are periodically reviewed and tested.

### Resource Overview: A Worker-Centred Framework for Financing the Just Transition This guide presents an alternative financing framework designed to address the shortcomings of current models, which often prioritize private profit over the needs of workers and communities. Developed by the Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ) in partnership with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), this resource argues that a truly "just" transition requires deep systemic change. Moving beyond simple energy sector decarbonization, the framework calls for a shift in macroeconomic policy to prioritize social, economic, and climate justice. The framework proposes an integrated, worker-led approach centered on the following pillars: * **Mandate from Workers:** Ensuring the transition is driven by social dialogue, job retention, and protection of workers' rights, while operating within a system of eco-socialism. * **Restructured Fiscal Policy:** Moving away from austerity, this approach utilizes a Climate Response Fund (CRF) and green bonds—supported by redirected tax revenues and restructuring savings—to fund public-sector-led climate adaptation and mitigation. * **Promotional Monetary Policy:** Reforming the South African Reserve Bank's inflation-targeting framework to better prioritize job creation and development, while using regulation and credit allocation to divest from fossil fuels and incentivize green industrialization. * **Development Finance Institution (DFI) Reform:** Repositioning public DFIs, such as the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC), away from strict profit motives toward providing "patient capital" for long-term, socially impactful public goods. By holistically applying these mechanisms, the framework aims to provide the necessary scale of financing to move South Africa toward a greener, labor-intensive, and inclusive economy that leaves no one behind.

# Continental Overview of Renewable Energy in Sub-Saharan Africa This resource provides a foundational characterization of the energy landscape across the African continent to support research into just energy transitions. It examines current electricity systems, policy frameworks, and the socio-economic implications of integrating renewable energy technologies. By mapping existing data on generation, transmission, consumption, and global production networks (GPNs), the guide aims to contextualize the opportunities and systemic challenges—including infrastructure constraints and data gaps—that national governments face while navigating the transition to sustainable, low-carbon energy. Key focus areas include: * **Policy and Governance:** Analyzes how African governments are adopting "sustainable" and "just" energy transition agendas, while highlighting persistent gaps in implementation and the influence of international actors. * **Energy Infrastructure:** Details the state of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution, noting that energy poverty remains a significant barrier to industrialization and economic development. * **Investment Dynamics:** Explores the challenges of securing finance for infrastructure, emphasizing that Africa currently receives a minor share of global renewable energy investment. * **Industrial and Labour Impacts:** Utilizes a GPN framework to examine wind and solar value chains, specifically looking at the potential for local manufacturing, "green" job creation, and the current reliance on imported technology. * **Country Case Studies:** Offers focused attention on Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa to provide insights into diverse national approaches to electricity market reform and renewable integration. This overview serves as a navigational guide, highlighting that while abundant renewable resources exist, realizing their potential requires overcoming systemic obstacles and integrating energy goals with broader industrial and economic development plans.

A comprehensive manual and guide for users on how to conduct census data analysis. It provides insights into how censuses are conducted and details the products emanated from the 1996 and 2001 censuses, with an emphasis on GIS technology and data integration for better decision-making.

This resource provides a summary of the Institute for Economic Justice’s (IEJ) submission regarding the General Public Procurement Regulations of 2026. While the IEJ acknowledges that the draft regulations and the 2024 Act represent progress, the submission highlights that current local content requirements are often evaded or waived, contributing to a crisis in the local renewable energy manufacturing sector. The IEJ argues that without clearer, more robust enforcement, the regulations risk failing to support broad-based industrial development and job creation. Key areas addressed in the submission include: * **Strengthening Local Content Requirements:** The IEJ recommends elevating local content from a points-based evaluation criterion to a mandatory prequalification requirement to ensure it is not circumvented. * **Improving Enforcement and Transparency:** The submission calls for stricter oversight of waiver requests, the gazetting of all granted waivers to ensure public transparency, and the introduction of standardized product verification through the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS). * **Addressing Policy Evasion:** The IEJ emphasizes the need to combat tactics such as the misuse of technical standards to secure waivers and the staging of consignments to evade tariffs, both of which undermine local manufacturing. * **Strategic Alignment:** The guide advocates for better coordination between procurement regulations, industrial policy, and tariff protections to create a stable, predictable demand pipeline for local businesses. By implementing these recommendations, the IEJ posits that the government can better utilize public procurement as a tool to drive economic development, improve lifecycle value for money, and support sustainable, high-quality job creation within South Africa.

This resource guide, Managing Coal Mine Closure: Achieving a Just Transition for All, synthesises over two decades of World Bank experience and global lessons to assist governments, enterprises, and communities in navigating the inevitable contraction of the coal sector. As global energy markets shift—driven by mechanisation, climate policies, and the increasing viability of alternative energy—millions of coal workers face job losses, often with devastating socioeconomic impacts on "mono-industry" regions. The guide outlines a framework for a "Just Transition for All" designed to mitigate these shocks through strategic planning, stakeholder collaboration, and evidence-based support. The approach is organised around three core pillars: * Policies and Strategy Development: Emphasises the need for clear, long-term policy direction, high-level coordination between agencies, and the establishment of dedicated mine closure institutions to streamline physical and social interventions. * People and Communities: Focuses on the human element, advocating for pre-layoff planning, temporary income support, and active labor market policies (such as retraining, counselling, and mobility assistance) to help workers transition to productive new employment. * Land and Environmental Remediation: Stresses that environmental reclamation must be addressed from the outset of mine planning, utilising robust financial assurance mechanisms to guarantee that necessary funding is available for land restoration and the mitigation of legacy issues. By prioritising continuous dialogue and early preparation, policymakers can better navigate the complexities of coal mine closure, ultimately helping affected regions and their populations move toward a more sustainable economic future.

### Unlocking Green Jobs in South Africa: A Catalytic Intervention This synthesis report documents a two-year collaborative initiative between the World Wide Fund for Nature, South Africa (WWF-SA) and Trade & Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS). The project explores the potential for green job creation through a series of "demand-side" interventions, aiming to address systemic challenges that often prevent green policy goals from translating into tangible employment. By utilizing both quantitative modeling and qualitative case studies, the report identifies pathways to simultaneously alleviate poverty, support environmental restoration, and foster a more inclusive green economy. **Key highlights of the resource include:** * **Diverse Case Studies:** Detailed analysis of three focal areas—water stewardship, value-added industries for the beneficiation of alien biomass (specifically wood pelleting), and bioprospecting—to demonstrate the interdependence of environmental sustainability and economic development. * **Reframing the Economy:** A conceptual shift that broadens the focus from a traditional market economy to include the state, household, and commons economies, highlighting that sustainable interventions can create jobs across all these domains. * **Green Economic Tools:** An examination of why traditional cost-benefit analyses are often insufficient for green interventions, advocating instead for the use of multi-criteria analysis to better capture social, environmental, and long-term economic benefits. * **Strategic Recommendations:** Insights on addressing barriers such as data gaps, the need for better policy coordination, and the importance of shifting from short-term project-based roles to permanent, sustainable employment opportunities. This guide serves as a practical resource for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers looking to bridge the gap between green policy ambitions and local-level implementation.

### Climate Change and Just Transition in Mpumalanga Mpumalanga Province stands at a critical juncture. As the heart of South Africa’s coal mining and power generation sector, the region faces significant socio-economic challenges as it navigates the global shift toward a low-carbon economy. This resource outlines the province's strategic framework for a "Just Transition"—an approach designed to balance climate mitigation goals with the need to protect livelihoods, ensure economic stability, and leverage the province's rich potential for renewable energy and industrial diversification. Key highlights of this guide include: * **Economic Vulnerability:** An analysis of the risks posed to the Nkangala District and the broader provincial economy by the impending decommissioning of aging coal-fired power stations. * **Strategic Objectives:** An overview of provincial goals to green the energy mix, improve energy efficiency, and build institutional capacity for a low-carbon future. * **Green Economy Priorities:** A look at sustainable pathways for growth, focusing on biomass, sustainable agriculture, eco-tourism, and renewable energy adoption. * **Global Best Practices:** Lessons learned from international case studies in Europe, demonstrating how regions similar to Mpumalanga have successfully revitalized their economies by converting historical mining assets into tourism, conservation, and technology hubs. * **Collaborative Governance:** Insights into the "bottom-up" approach to planning, which engages government, labor, business, and local communities to ensure the transition is inclusive and sustainable. By aligning policy with innovation, Mpumalanga aims to transform the challenges of climate change into opportunities for long-term provincial prosperity.

Resource Overview: Energy Council of South Africa Annual Report 2025 The Energy Council of South Africa’s 2025 Annual Report, titled "Mobilising Investment and Delivery," outlines the organisation’s progress as the collective, unified voice of South Africa’s energy sector. During this reporting period, the Council has solidified its role as a strategic partner to the government, focusing on accelerating the energy transition, promoting investor confidence, and ensuring a just, inclusive, and sustainable energy future. The report provides a comprehensive review of operational strategies, governance structures, and the impact of key member-led initiatives. Key highlights and resources included in this guide: * Strategic Impact & Partnerships: Details the Council’s collaborative efforts through the National Energy Crisis Committee (NECOM) and its international affiliation with the World Energy Council (WEC). * Core Initiatives: An in-depth look at major programmes such as "Energise Mzansi," a national communications campaign to improve energy literacy, and the "Energy and Data Modelling South Africa" (EDMSA) platform, which provides transparent, data-driven insights for power sector planning. * Governance & Leadership: Information regarding the Council’s operating model, the role of its Standing Committees in driving technical and policy objectives, and profiles of the Board of Directors. * Operational Review: A transparent summary of financial results for the year ended 28 February 2025, alongside the formal notice and procedures for the upcoming Annual General Meeting. This resource serves as an essential guide for stakeholders interested in the Council’s strategic approach to overcoming delivery gaps, mobilising capacity, and fostering public-private trust to secure South Africa’s long-term energy resilience.

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This resource outlines Eskom’s strategic approach to the Just Energy Transition (JET), a phased, long-term move toward a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy. Following the commitments made at COP26, Eskom is actively participating in international climate negotiations and securing the necessary support to decarbonise South Africa’s energy landscape without impeding socio-economic development.

The Role of Ownership in a Just Energy Transition Achieving a just energy transition (JET) requires more than simply shifting to low-carbon energy sources; it demands fundamental changes in how energy systems are owned and controlled. While a move toward renewable energy is inevitable, current approaches—often driven by pro-market or technocratic agendas—frequently fail to address deep-seated socio-economic inequalities, poverty, and unemployment. This guide explores the critical importance of ownership in creating a genuinely transformative energy system that serves the needs of both people and the planet.

This resource guide, *Ownership in the REI4P*, provides a comprehensive investigation into the ownership patterns of projects within South Africa’s Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REI4P). Launched in 2010, the programme aimed to secure renewable electricity while simultaneously fostering national developmental goals, including job creation, social upliftment, and increased economic ownership for South Africans. By analysing publicly available data from 92 utility-scale renewable energy facilities, this report identifies critical challenges regarding transparency and the complexity of project ownership structures. It highlights the difficulties in obtaining clear information and evaluates the extent to which the programme has met its developmental mandate.

As the national debate on energy transition remains largely focused on coal-dependent regions like Mpumalanga, this resource explores what a "just transition" means specifically for the Western Cape. Moving beyond short-term fixes, this guide provides a framework for local stakeholders—including the Western Cape Government and the City of Cape Town—to foster a sustainable, low-carbon future that avoids locking the region into "business as usual."

Resource Overview: Understanding the impact of a low carbon transition on South Africa As the global economy shifts toward a low-carbon future consistent with the Paris Agreement, South Africa faces a complex array of financial risks. This guide from the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) examines how this global transition threatens to reduce demand and prices for carbon-intensive exports, particularly coal, while potentially creating new economic opportunities, such as those arising from lower global oil prices. The resource highlights that South Africa’s transition is not solely an environmental challenge but a significant economic and financial one, with a "transition risk" estimated at more than $120 billion in present value terms between 2013 and 2035. Key insights from the guide include: Significant Exposure to External Trends: Approximately 75% of South Africa’s transition risk is driven by factors beyond the government’s control, such as shifting global demand for coal and oil. Nearly 50% of this risk has already been realised through changes in long-term market forecasts since 2013. Concentration of Risk on the Public Balance Sheet While investors initially bear the bulk of the direct risk, implicit transfers and contingent liabilities mean the national government could end up exposed to more than half of the total transition risk. This concentration could jeopardise South Africa’s investment-grade sovereign credit rating. The Importance of Proactive Policy: The guide emphasises that proactive government planning—such as avoiding new investments that increase transition risk and leveraging potential oil price windfalls—can help mitigate these costs. Strategic Recommendations: Policymakers are encouraged to make risk allocation explicit, prioritise investments resilient to the global transition (e.g., renewable energy and relevant minerals), and work with international development financial institutions to develop innovative financial solutions.

This guide explores how developing and least developed countries can effectively integrate "just transition" principles into their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). While the Paris Agreement mandates an acknowledgment of the workforce transition and the creation of decent work, many developing nations struggle to implement these concepts due to a lack of consensus, limited practical guidance, and the misconception that such strategies are only relevant for developed economies. This resource aims to bridge that gap by providing actionable tools for governments to manage the social challenges of climate policy while advancing equitable economic growth.

The Sanedi Annual Report 2024/25* details the South African National Energy Development Institute's performance, strategic progress, and commitment to driving a resilient, inclusive energy future. Despite a challenging environment, the organisation successfully achieved 100% of its performance targets and maintained a clean audit status as confirmed by the Auditor-General of South Africa. The report serves as a comprehensive guide to Sanedi’s operational, environmental, and financial milestones for the 2024/25 financial year.

This policy scan, prepared for the Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ), provides a critical analysis of South Africa's renewable energy policy landscape. It examines the extent to which current policies support renewable energy integration, localisation, decent work, and inclusivity (gender, youth, and SMMEs).

The Market Intelligence Report 2025 provides a strategic analysis of South Africa’s evolving energy services market. This guide is designed for local and foreign investors, developers, and financiers looking to navigate the commercial, industrial, and agricultural (CI&A) sectors. It highlights how businesses are increasingly turning to embedded generation and energy storage to address rising electricity costs, achieve carbon reduction goals, and improve energy security amid national infrastructure challenges. The report focuses on two primary investment opportunities in the short-to-medium term: * Embedded Solar PV: As the market matures, the focus is shifting beyond simple loadshedding mitigation toward long-term price stability and decarbonisation. With 71 municipalities now permitting embedded generation connections, diverse financing models—including power purchase agreements (PPAs), debt finance, and lease structures—are driving significant growth, with a projected 3.8 GW expansion by 2030. * Behind-the-meter (BTM) Li-ion Storage: Driven by the need for reliable energy security and value-stacking applications like peak shaving, load shifting, and tariff arbitrage, Li-ion battery systems have become the preferred backup technology. Despite challenges such as high reliance on imported components and an emerging regulatory environment, BTM storage remains a critical component for businesses aiming to optimise their energy management and maintain operational continuity.